The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray Essay Example

The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray Paper THE COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE CUSTOM OF THE WARAY J. Colima Bajado The Philippines as a whole abounds in quaint marriage customs and traditions. Written literatures from Fr. Pedro Chirino (1590s), Blair and Robertson, to Gregorio Zaide describe the pre-Spanish marriage customs of the Philippines. More writers like Fay Cooper Cole, John Finley, C. R. Moss and John Garvan have written on the courtship and marriage rituals of the various tribes in the country. On the marriage customs of the Warays, some vernacular writers like Iluminado Lucente and Juan Ricacho have written plays portraying the marriage customs and practices of the region. Younger generations in the Samar-Leyte region may not even know how their great grandfathers won the hands of their great grannies, in relation to the present  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wer na u, dito na me†Ã‚  trend. The Illiterate Way of Courtship We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This kind of courtship has been practiced until the early 1900s. According to the narrations of Msgr. Alberto Almarines (1960s), illiterate young men in the rural areas, particularly in the hinterland sitios, observe this way of courtship passed to them by their great grandparents. Since they cannot read and write, actions, signs, signals, and even mimicries are flashed as costumarily understood to mean love. The man takes out an  inarmidol (crisply starched) white handkerchief and waves it to the woman, who could only give concealed glances. Then the man will kiss the handkerchief and put it over his chest. This is done when the young man does not have the chance to talk to the girl. If the girl accepts the love offered, she smiles and nods. When she frowns, she declines the offered affection. And when her face is expressionless, she does not yet know the answer. When she accepts, the man will then ask her hand for marriage. When she shows indifference, he will either wait for the ight time or simply forget her. The Kulalisi Courtship This type of courtship commences as a game, and concludes for real. Kulalisi  (sometimes spelledculalisi), is a game played after the nightly prayer for nine days of  lamay  (wake). Unmarried men and women gather in the house of the deceased to say the prayers, after which, the kulasisi game follows to console the bereaved family. The kulalisi game is a battle of wits between men and women. One of the elders in the house will act as  Hadi  (king) that will pair a man and a woman suspected or teased as sweethearts. The challenge to a  luwa  (verse) is cast by one who wins the draw using a shell called  buskay. Then the â€Å"luwa† or battle of words (somewhat like Balagtasan), and rhymes, and debates starts. If the challenger is a man and the challenged woman fails to outwit him, the reward is a â€Å"make-believe† marriage solemnized by the Hadi. If the man is outwitted by the woman, he becomes the woman’s slave and will do whatever the woman desires to let him do, for that night. Most of the â€Å"married† pairs in  culalisi  games become real partners for life. This kind of courtship has been commonly practiced up to the early 1900s. Tthe courtship through Panharana (Serenading) Wooing a woman by  panharana  is commonly practiced in the whole region up to the late 1990s; some even still practice this in other parts of the region, like Maydolong, Eastern Samar, up today. Serenading is a time-honored way of expressing one’s love and adoration to the accompaniment of a guitar, violin or other string and wind instruments. Moonlight nights are the perfect time for serenade. A man sings  kundiman  (love song) that is rich in lyrical beauty, appreciation of nature and profound sentiment of affection. A suitor who knows how to play a guitar serenades his admired woman by himself, for this is a rapport in his singing of love songs. A group of men serenades when the suitor cannot accompany himself in singing his love songs. The song  Mituo Ako  (I Believe) is once a popular serenade song in the Cebuano speaking part of the region, while Iluminado Lucente’s  Gihilom Ko  (I Secretly Bear) in the Waray speaking parts. While  panharana  is still practiced today, the town of Dagami in the province of Leyte once regulated its practice in the 1960s due to some stealing events resulted from serenading. While some were singing, others were stealing chickens, and other things. Serenading was then allowed from ten to twelve in the evening only. The Balata Courtship This type of courtship is one of the queer ways of wooing. This traditional practice is resorted to by the rich families. This is very common especially in the â€Å"capital† of the different provinces of the region such as Tacloban, Carigara, Palo, Biliran, Ormoc, Catarman, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Maasin and Borongan. In  balata, the parents of the bride and the groom agree to have their children married in accordance with their arrangement. It is the custom of the upperclass families through their exclusive formed groups. They hold week-end parties among themselves by turns. In the midst of the merry making, especially when they are already a bit tipsy, the betrothal of their children takes place. Although often started as a joke, the  balata  eventually becomes a serious matter involving  amor propio  and  palabra de honor. Usually, it is the parents of the male child who makes the proposal to the parents of the girl to have their children married when they reach the marriageable age. They mutually plan and finance the wedding of their children, give equal dowries of property such as land, livestock, jewelry, and cash with which their children will start their married life. They also agree with the kind of wedding, the grandeur, and the bands to play music, and all other things to make the wedding memorable. The day of the wedding is usually scheduled on the day the boy reaches his sixteenth year. Not all  balata  betrothal are negotiated and agreed upon during drinking sprees. Most of â€Å"balatas† results from the desire of both parties to insure the economic and financial stability of their children. The parents keep the betrothal of their children to themselves until the time comes when it is necessary to reveal it to their children. The betrothed are warned that refusal to comply with their pledge will bring their families dishonor and disgrace and the wrath of heaven will fall on them. Choice by parents This kind of courtship deprives young lovers from their right to choose their partners. The parents select their children’s life partners. Wealth and character or â€Å"urbanidad† as the parents fondly stress are the factors their prospective sons and daughters-in-law should possess. The boy’s parents look around for the girls who meet their criteria. Their search for girls extends to other towns and places where their friends and acquaintances live. They mark their choices for observation and preliminary selection. The girls’ parents base their selection on the same grounds. Their children are simply informed of their plans and tell them to abide to it. Usually, three possible candidates are chosen, the other two are reserves or alternatives. When they arrive at a choice, the courting begins. Courting through the Parents Courting a woman through her parents is another way of wooing. In this type of courting, the young man picks the girl and enlists the help of her parents. This is often resorted to when the girl does not reciprocate the boy’s feeling, or when her parents are very jealous. The young man and his parents will befriend the girl’s parents. The young man do manual works in the house of the girl, serves the girl’s parents, and do everything to please them. He put his best foot forward to impress, and eventually, gain their admiration and sympathy. A Back to Back Overview Perchance, it is not really the type of courtship that matters, after all. It is the sound of love that makes two lovers dance in harmony to its tune. As Rachel Gordo Maravilla’s  siday  says: Bis’ anu pa iton nga kaporma, Bis’ pa it yinaknan nagkakairiba, Kay iton karuyag boot sidngon, Amo manta gihapon. Bisan hin-o ha bug-os nga kalibutan, Tanan masayaw, Kon tukran na an kasing-kasing Han sonata Han Gugma. J. Colima Bajado graduated from University of the Philippines Tacloban with the degree in Political Science. He writes more on the revival of Waray history and culture, and has been bestowed various awards in his writings. He is currently the Cultural Editor of Gahum Weekly.

Neuro

Neuro Educational neuroscience is an upcoming field of science that brings together scholars and researchers in educational psychology, cognitive neuroscience, education theory, and developmental cognitive neuroscience among other related disciplines in exploring the various interactions that exist between education theory and biological processes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neuro-Scientific Research Findings and Recent Discoveries: How the Brain Learns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neuroscientific research is arguably one of the major areas of study which have continued to draw increased human concern and attention in the world. According to Goswami (2007), Neuroscience plays the key role of bridging the gap between the two disciplines, through a more direct form of dialogue between educators and researchers who work together to bring light in the understanding of how the brain functions. Educational neur oscience plays the significant role of emphasizing the overall understanding of the various codes of neuroscience as it is applied in the modern world of scientific study of the human mind and the brain. In that case, the discipline has presently continued to receive great support and concern from both educators in the field and cognitive neuroscientists. As a result of this heightening concern, various academic institutions from allover the world have expressed their willingness to play an active role in supporting the study of educational neuroscience. The contents of this paper reveal how findings in neuroscientific study and recent discoveries on the functions of the brain impact differentiation in the classroom. It is obviously clear that educators ought to be informed about developments in the brain research and the recent big concern of neuroscientific study meets this requirement in a more realistic approach, thus forming an impressive potential at increasing human understan ding of learning and teaching. However, educators should always try to be cautious about the current explosion of neuroscientific research, and they should go for only those findings and observations that are well established. Neuroscientific research offers a diversity of findings on how the brain learns and these insights, even though not all of them would be close to perfection, helps educators to strengthen their knowledge, thus establishing positive grounds for further learning (Sousa Tomlinson, 2011). From these diverse findings, both educators and learners are able to construct their own understanding on the possible relationships. These observations raise many connections through which new opportunities of combining theory and practice are applied. This way, avenues for new knowledge are highly encouraged and facilitated.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More importantly, neuroscience research provides a pool of information and insights which could assist educators in making the right decisions regarding those assessment and instructional choices that are likely to be more effective in enhancing the concepts in the discipline. The insights into the learning process, offered by research findings plays a key role in affirming the importance of differentiation. The comprehensive study in neuroscience provides endless remarkable discoveries on the way the human brain learns. The practice widely supports the application of differentiated student learning in class, thus facilitating their understanding of the concepts. This also offers a more reliable basis upon which students are able to place their own interpretations. The approach is certain to encourage a more strategic approach and planning on both the educators and the students. Differentiation, as observed in many recent findings and discoveries plays a significant task in brin ging useful insights into the process of learning (Bessant, 2008). For instance, research offers uncountable theories and explanations on the way the human brain learns. Students, in their regular attempts to practically confirm these observations, end up experiencing further on the topic, thus collecting more observations and ideas along the way. With the possible connections of their understanding in most of these findings, students are encouraged to embark on a more learning practice that would enable them to come closer to the reality in what they are trying to learn in class. Research findings and observations can exclusively be applied to offer a systematic focus and impact to learning. Educators in all levels of study can utilize various strategies or practices to translate research findings into more useful strategies that can be used to enhance student understanding in class. One way by which educators can translate research findings into teaching strategies is by incorpora ting instructional activities in addressing the research findings. Educators can also assess various research findings that tend to provide a more concise approach to the understanding of the concepts and try to analyze them further, to establish any connections with what they are trying to teach about the functions of the human brain and how it learns. Educators can also translate research findings into useful learning strategies that can aid in establishing effective learning grounds. The many different observations perceived through the study of neuroscience normally provides a perfect guidance on the direction which educators should take in addressing their students in a more convenient way that would enable them understand better.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neuro-Scientific Research Findings and Recent Discoveries: How the Brain Learns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another useful way of transla ting research observations into useful teaching and learning strategies is by trying to come up with ways of proving the observed findings before coming into final conclusions about them. References Bessant, J. (2008). Hard wired for risk: Neurological science, the adolescent brain and developmental theory. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(3), 347-360. Goswami, U. (2007). Educational neuroscience: Defining a new discipline for the study of mental representations. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(3), 114-127. Sousa, D. Tomlinson, C. (2011). Differentiation and the brain. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.

The effectiveness of mouth-care practices for preventing ventilator Literature review

The effectiveness of mouth-care practices for preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in ventilated patients - Literature review Example This paper focuses upon ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), an avertable resultant of mechanical ventilation and intubation. VAP is essentially pneumonia that forms in intubated patients within the first 48 or so hours. It normally occurs in patients have been put on a mechanical ventilator support to aid their laboured breathing. As will be noted in the research findings, VAP is preventable through a number of interventions. According to the Institute of Healthcare Improvements, VAP prevention in intubated patients can be done by raising the head of ventilated patients’ beds up to 300, administering blockers such as gastric histamine, using sequential compression devices such as anticoagulants to inhibit venous thromboembolism. In addition, VAP can be averted in intubated patients by administering nurses exercising proper hand hygiene when performing intubation. Furthermore, interrupting daily sedation programs at 10 am to assess neurologic status is a key step aimed at pr eventing VAP in patients. As the dissertation will make clear, oral hygiene is of paramount importance when considering prevention and mitigating effects of VAP. By the end of this paper, it will be clear that coupling the aforementioned preventative bundles and timely oral hygiene measures such as tooth brushing can indeed prevent VAP occurrence. Therefore, this paper supports the premise that oral hygiene is paramount in dealing with and preventing VAP in ventilated patients.... Therefore, this paper supports the premise that oral hygiene is paramount in dealing with and preventing VAP in ventilated patients. Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... p. 2-3 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... p. 5-6 3.0 Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................p.6 4.0 Literature Review ...........................................................................................................p. 6-8 5.0 Research Methods ..........................................................................................................p. 8-10 6.0 List of Tables 6.1 Findings of CHX study............................................................................................ p. 13 6.2 Incident of VAP i n neurologic patients of the ICU ................................................ p. 14 7.0 Findings ..........................................................................................................................p.10-19 8.0 Discussion ......................................................................................................................p. 19- 22 9.0 Conclusion and Recommendations .............................................................................. p. 22-23 10.0 References ..............................................................................................................p. 19-21 2.0 Introduction The writer of this review works as a nurse in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) situated within a large teaching hospital. The hospital is one of

What makes Canada an interesting country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What makes Canada an interesting country - Essay Example Located in North America, Canada boasts of 9.98 million square kilometers, making it the second largest country in the world with its borders touching three of the world’s largest oceans, the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans to the East, West and North respectively. Adding to the interesting facts surrounding its borders, the border between Canada and the United States (US) is the world’s longest land border. These among other facts about Canada make it one of the most interesting countries in the modern world. Canada began self-governance in 1867 and gained independence in 1931 following the enactment of the Statute of Westminster and therefore it is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada retained its ties with the British crown hence Queen Elizabeth II is Canada’s head of state in the modern day. This implies no elections for the head of state are held since the monarch is driven by heredity. The monarch then appoints a governor general, after a five year term, with advisory assistance from the prime minister. Canada’s parliament comprises of 105 senatorial seats, members appointed by governor general and 308 members from the House of Commons who are elected by the people on a four year term basis. Additionally, governor general appointees serve up to the age of 75 years. Similarly the chief justice and 8 other judges making the high court, are appointed by the prime minister and serve up to 75 up to the age of 75 years. However, there has been attempts to break fr om the British crown but to futility such as the 2014 referendum. Canada has a strong economy that can be attributed to its significantly many natural resources, trading activities and strong relations with the neighboring US. As a result, Canada is regarded a developed countries taking the eighth position in Human Development Index. Canada has a wide

Strategic Managment for new busniess in state of Qatar is it really Essay

Strategic Managment for new busniess in state of Qatar is it really applied - Essay Example To find out how effective strategy implementation is taking place by the proper choice of strategies and tasks which are essentially concerned with effectively managing the resources, and those that are deployed in the limited part of the country within the context and guidance of the existing ones. The previous strategic management study was based on various areas like corporate finance, strategic planning, which is mainly concerned with world class industries and oil companies. The share trading was also a major part in dealing with the strategic choices and various market transactions taking place in the country. â€Å"The most efficient way of evaluating Qatar is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance are â€Å"latent demand† and â€Å"market accessibility.† (Executive Report on Strategies in Qatar: How to Strategically Evaluate Qatar, 2007). The main aim and the intention of strategic learning and management process is mainly to accomplish the strategic options and choices to make the markable changes and to primarily focus on the strategic point. The cross functional management makes the practical brilliance and specializations to make much greater contributions to the organizational process. (Mohamed Zain, 1985) The economic data obtainable from Qatar is the result of a choice of spatial econometric and timely forecasting models that are useful to forecast and distribute dormant demand diagonally to countries of the world and key distribution centers of prevailing authority within a country. This calls for proficiency in knowing the economic basics like the

Project Management Of The Emirates Stadium Construction Essay

Project Management Of The Emirates Stadium Construction Essay A lot has been documented on the principals and methodologies required to successfully execute a project, that it almost seems a Clichà © when the term project management is discussed. However, I shall try to focus on project management in the construction industries as it is a good idea to discuss project management as it applies to a specific industry. In this two part report, I shall attempt to first critically analyse and evaluate the PM challenges as documented in the group presentations, with the aim of; Critically evaluating the management challenges identified and highlighting how the groups dealt with identifying the challenges and frameworks adopted in explaining these challenges. Evaluating the procurement strategy adopted and considering reasons for its adoptions, benefits derived and circumstances contributing to its success, before considering alternative approaches. Make a comparison between the management strategy adopted for the emirate stadium and established best practices. THE EMIRATE STADIUM Arsenal football club had previously occupied the Highbury stadium. With a capacity to hold 35,000 fans, this was grossly inadequate for a club increasing in fan base due to her popularity and successes achieved in competition with other top flight clubs in the premiership. Therefore the club management decided to invest in a larger stadium as a means of accommodating the increasing fan population but more strategically, rebranding the club and increasing its competitiveness with top flight clubs at the premiership. PROJECT OVERVIEW Hence, a design and built contract was signed by Sir Robert Alpine for a  £220m worth 60,000 capacity stadium facility, after an intense planning and conception stage spanning 5 years. The entire project cost was estimated at  £400m including related projects due to relocation works and ancillary works. (Designbuild-network.com, 2008) The actual construction commenced March 2004 and was completed by July 2006 ahead of schedule and on budget. At the end of the entire project, 80 businesses had been relocated, 2500 new homes had been provided, 2600 new jobs and 4 new community health facilities built. A successful project with regards to its achievement of project objectives at the stipulated time frame, within the estimated budget and to the quality and performance required. (Arsenal, 2007) But like all projects, risks, challenges and uncertainties are sure to abound, the outcome of the project however, will depends on the identification and mitigations of these risks and uncertainties plus the application of management strategies and tools. CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IDENTIFIED CHALLENGES So lets look at the challenges identified, one key observation from a critical assessment of the group challenges identified was the frequent repetition of similar challenges expressed in different words, mainly due to varying dictions of expressions. Classification of these challenges was therefore necessary to critically evaluate and analyse them. Some groups adopted a framework to identify the challenges. Groups 3 and 4 in particular, identified the challenges using the project life cycle framework. On the other hand, groups 1, 2 and 5 viewed the challenges by broadly looking at individual elements of the projects strategic management and operational stages as viewed by the contractor during the implementation of the project. For groups adopting the project life cycle framework, the task of identifying key challenges was best viewed by considering each phase of the lifecycle. The initiation and planning stages in particular, required critical risks assessments before the implementation phase because of the ease to adjust plans and mitigate risks at these initial phases. They effectively pointed out that, due to the attention paid to issues such as collaboration, client management, extensive site investigation and a constant assessment of uncertainties, a smooth implementation stage ensued. Presentations for group 1, 2 and 5 as mentioned earlier, broadly looking at individual management strategies of the project implementation and operational stages as viewed by the contractor during the implementation of the project and can be broadly categorised under the following; Strategic Management challenges: client satisfaction, stakeholder impact and project coordination. By identifying the need to manage people, risks, strategy adopted budgetary issues and contracts details, these presentations focused primarily on organisational elements of the project with emphasis on the construction management aspects. Operational/Design and Construction Challenges: Although project management challenge was the main focus, it seems illogical not to consider certain technical issues as major challenges. Therefore key engineering challenges such as restrictions in stadium height (a local planning authority directive), pitch quality, service fitting and the need for access bridges to the stadium were challenges that shaped most decisions taken by the project managers. Table 2.1 Categorisation of Identified Challenges MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK CATEGORISATION IDENTIFIED CHALLENGES GROUPS PROJECT LIFECYCLE FRAMEWORK INITIATIONS Scope and Specification, Identifying stakeholders, Deciding Location, Planning Business and home Relocations, 3 4 PLANNING Reaching and securing Authority Approval, Satisfying Stakeholder and client expectation, Procurement Strategy Selection. Risk Management IMPLEMENTATION Design and Technical Challenges, Risk Mitigation, Traffic control, Community involvement, TERMINATION Testing and commissioning Challenges, Client Satisfaction NO SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Procurement Strategy, Document Management, Timing and Scheduling, Stakeholder and Client management, Team work and Coordination, Defining Scope, Communication, Cash flow and Budget Control. 1, 2 5 OPERATIONAL/DESIGN CONSTRUCTION Pitch Quality, Roof design, Construction Technique, Weather, Geotechnical, height restraints, Relocation and details, Pedestrian Bridges, Choice of Material The table above show the key project management challenges identified and categorised under management frameworks as adopted by the groups. PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH All groups identified the adopted procurement strategy as the design and build or turnkey approach however, the common opinion was that adopting a management contract procurement approach would have proved equally successful. To critically evaluate the management approach and understand the reasons for its adoption and factors aiding its successful utilization, a brief description of these two procurement approaches would be reviewed. Design and Build: one contractor is employed to design, manage and construct the project. Although mostly taking a variety of forms, the contractors roles may include the following; As principal contractor who carries out all design and construction, with minor subcontractors. As the clients agent, managing the consultants and contractors who carry out the actual design. A combination of principal contractor for design or construction, and management contractor for the other functions. ( F. Harrison and D. Lock, 2004) So why was this adopted? To a greater extent, it provided the client (Arsenal FC) the following advantages; Time/ contract duration could be shortened and facility ready for start of the new season Exempted the client from the technicalities of building a stadium. They were club managers who knew nothing about building a stadium but recognized the importance of the facility in meeting their business goal. Protected the client from the complexities in project organisation. Enable the client to transfer most risks identified in the conception stage. In this case study, Sir Robert Alpine was the designated design and build contractor, together with her supply chain which included Architects HOK Sports venue, Bur Happold (the structural, Mechanical and electrical engineers) and AYH PLC (Project Managers/Quantity Surveyors). Figure 2.1 ORGANISATION/PROJECT ROLE FOR THE EMIRATE STADIUM CONSTRUCTION The alternative, management contracting approach as recommended by all, is characterised by the client appointing an external organisation to manage and coordinate the delivery of the project. The main advantages to the client in the case study would have been benefits from time and cost savings and better flexibility with regards to changes. Thereby, allowing the client to concentrate on dealing with sponsorship deals, investors and the large number of stakeholders. COMPARISION WITH BEST PRACTICE The main success criterion of a construction project is the value of the facility to the client over time. Successful delivery requires an integrated process in which design, construction, operations and maintenance are considered as a whole, together with an understanding of how the project will affect efficiency and service delivery over the lifetime of the project. (OGC, 2009) So whatever they are called, best practices, golden rules or PM creeds, the general believe is, following these techniques summaries in figure 2.2 below will effectively manage a project to time, cost, quality and performance. The office of Government commerce therefore set out guidance to achieving excellence in construction project management. In their opinion success is guaranteed if projects are planned to ensure they possess the following; Projects provide the best option to meet the business need Have sufficient resources allocated to deliver the project and effectively manage these resources. Are managed through defined and accepted accountabilities, supported by clear and short reporting lines which ensure effective channels of communication between stakeholders, clients and project Implementation team Have a clear commitment throughout the integrated project team to clearly defined objectives. (OGC, 2009) I shall endeavour to compare the management approach as adopted in this case study with the recommended and prescribed best practices as stated by the office of Government Commerce. The OGC recommends that resources, roles and responsibilities for delivery should be assigned to effective individuals who are empowered to deliver, who are drawn from the business unit that owns the project. The OGC further stated, Critical consideration needs to be paid to ensuring effective lines of communication. The effectiveness of the lines of communication to top level management, who are then responsible for making decisions based on these information provided. Successful delivery requires an integrated process in which design, construction, operation and maintenance are considered as a whole. (OGC, 2007) Health and safety performance during all phases of the project is mandatory. There are also legal requirements which require clients to set requirements for healthy, safe working conditions and facilities on construction sites. (OGC, 2007) Amongst the OGCs best practice recommendations, is the selection of the right people for the project team. They stated that the selection of an integrated project team is a paramount consideration in project planning. The best projects and the best clients put time into getting the right project team. They assess the quality of the individuals, their ability to work together and their experience. For the emirate stadium case study, the design and build contractor commented after the project completion (SRM, 2009) [a] textbook example of project management and team building, Emirates Stadium showcases the benefits our collaborative approach to business can bring. Our early involvement and that of our key supply chain partners was an essential element in the projects success. Risk assessment and value management should be continually assessed throughout a projects lifecycle. With early collaboration between the entire integrated project team, risks are better identified and resolved before risk mitigations become too expensive to implement. (OGC, 2007) The adoption of the lowest price tendered does not often lead to best value for money. Quality and costs of the implemented projected over the life of the asset are the real indicators of value for money. The focus should always be the optimum balance of required quality and the whole-life costs of a facility the costs of acquiring it, the costs of maintaining it and the costs of operating it over the whole life of the asset to its disposal. (OGC, 2007) Judges at the awards for the building project of the year stated, The whole process was an example of how important teamwork should be to a project, with everyone from the client to the contractor and subcontractors coming together and working successfully to ensure the project was completed on time and under budget. The way that this team tackled design changes should be a lesson to the industry. (Martin Spring, 2007) In summary, the emirate stadium project highlighted in context and principle, is an exemplary addition to best practice adoption and utilization in stadium construction, of course with certain modification as best fits the project in question. Figure 2.2 BEST PRACTICE SUMMARY USING THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE FRAMEWORK For example, collaboration during the planning and design stage, formulating and communicating set milestones to the project team, feed backs and managing the clients expectation in view of the outcomes provided. Figure 2.3 show as weights, the management strategy adopted in relation to a summarised best practice. Figure 2.3 COMPARING BEST PRACTICE WITH CASE STUDY THE 2012 OLYMPIC GAMES For this part of the report, I shall attempt to develop guidelines for the 2012 Olympic by firstly; Discussing the differences between managing a single project and managing a project as part of a larger portfolio or programme. Review current facts about the on-going 2012 Olympic stadium construction that will further assist to pinpoint and discuss project management challenges. And then finally, based on the characteristics of the project identified, lessons learnt and a review of the best practices, develop guidelines for the project. PROJECT OVERVIEW In July 2005 the International Olympic Committee awarded the city of London the hosting rights for the 2012 Olympic Games. With the establishment of this immovable deadline, the London organising committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG), aware of the heights of expectations, particularly after the ingenuity displayed by the Chinese, began plans in earnest. Milestones were set, plans conceived and a programme to regenerate London in preparation for the games was hatched. The entire programme included amongst others, the redevelopment of a 24 hectare Olympic park to accommodate an Olympic stadium, ten sports venues, an Olympic Village, media centre, parklands, several training venues and pre-game training camps. THE OLYMPIC STADIUM The stage was therefore set for the construction of the main Olympic arena, the 80,000 capacity Olympic stadium. At an estimated cost of  £469 million, to be completed in 2011 and convertible to a 25,000 capacity stadium after the games. PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT VERSUS PROJECT MANAGEMENT Having clearly stated how the Olympic stadium (as a project) fits into the entire Olympic delivery programme, I will begin by defining a project, a programme and their managements. This will enable my arguments in reviewing the differences between managing a single project and a project under a programme of work. D.C Ferns (1991, p. 21) defined a programme as a group of projects managed in a coordinated manner in other to gain benefits which are not achievable by managing individual projects independently. R.S House (1988, p. 16) in his book the human side of project management defined a project as [a] group of related tasks or activities which together satisfy one or more objectives. Robert Prieto defined program management as [t]he definition and integration of a number of projects to cause a broader, strategic business outcome to be achieved. He further argued that Programme management is not just the sum of all project management activities but also includes management of the risks, opportunities and activities that occur between projects. (PM Hut, 2008) While an individual project will employ a specific project delivery approach (design-bid-build, design/build, DBOM etc.), program management may combine different delivery approaches across multiple projects to best achieve the desired strategic business objectives. In the case study as I will later explain, a consortium was formed (Team McAlpine) to deliver the project. Now using several management parameters, I will therefore itemize the differences between their managements. Table 3.1 Differences between Programme Management and project Management Parameter Programme Management Project Management Organization Semi-permanent in nature, resourced to address the full range of business requirements associated with achievement of a strategic business objective Transient organization in nature, resourced to address a limited set of requirements that may be more temporal in nature and not recurring through all project phases. Organizational Alignment Analogous to building a new company with a sharply defined strategic business objective. Team alignment around project and contract requirements Outcome Definition Strategic Business Outcome (enterprise viewpoint) Defined scope, schedule and budget (output viewpoint) Risk Management Management of all risks associated with achievement of the defined strategic business objectives Management of assumed risks Requirements Establish programmatic and system technical requirements and allocate as appropriate to individual projects Manage project to meet the allocated programmatic and system technical requirements Interface Management Management of all programmatic interfaces between defined projects as well as other programmatic interfaces with stakeholder groups Management of allocated interfaces, if any, and all interfaces within the assembled project team Execution Planning Program wide execution planning including top level schedule, budget, performance standards, supply chain configuration and contracting strategy Project execution planning consistent with agreed to scope schedule, budget. and performance standards Timeframe Through achievement of strategic business objectives (more permanent in nature) Duration associated with completion of project activities Stakeholder Engagement Identification and integration of stakeholders interests and proactive engagement to assure achievement of strategic business objectives Interaction with stakeholder groups only as contractually provided for Source 🙠 PM Hut, 2008) Figure 3.1 Impressionist view of the London 2012 stadium. PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Before outlining the challenges, we will look briefly at certain information we have gather about the games so far. The multidisciplinary management structure required to deliver the project. The LOCOG acts in the capacity of client for the stadium project. They appointed the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) to manage all embodied projects with the stadium inclusive. Hok sports, venues ltd was the designated architects, Bur Happlold the service engineers, Sir Robert Alpine the construction firm and M-E Engineers as the mechanical consultant. A consortium was formed and named Team McAlpine comprising all mentioned for the delivery of the project. The share size and number of stakeholders was of National and international proportion. These includes; The mayor and people of Stratford, London Minister for the Olympics British Olympic Association The International Olympic committee The individual featured sports committee The department of culture, media and sports The British Paralympics Association More than a dozen sponsors and Partners Quite a number of official suppliers and providers. The interrelated projects that would have direct and indirect impacts on the stadium construction e.g. the Olympic park, the volodrome, the access bridges. The budget initially estimated at  £280 million but quickly rose to  £496 million mostly due to rising inflation and an increase in contingencies (Guardian, 2009). The stadiums proposed location, a contaminated site at Stratford in central London. (Contract Journal, 2009) The economic downturn that hit the financial market and the world in general. Rising inflation figures as released by economic analyst on the health of the economy. The announcement by the IOC, naming sustainability as a focus for the summer Olympics, this made it clear that the London 2012 organizers had to think beyond the Olympics and consider the concept of legacy, in particular environmental sustainability. (B. Digby, 2009). Therefore, challenges were present right from the conception phase through the entire project lifecycle, and based on the facts listed above, the following challenges can be deduced; The sustainability slogan meant most of the designs proposed had to be carbon sensitive and sustainability driven. This called for innovative designs and as explained by Alan Webb (1996, p. x) the management and creation of innovative projects are the most challenging of all managerial tasks as novelty implies a leap into the unknown. It is not for the faint hearted for there are shocks and surprises around every corner. Cost and budgetary issues represents one of the greatest challenges the project faces. Many things can happen during the lifecycle of a project to increase project cost estimate, distort the expected rate and magnitude of expenditure (D. Lock, 2007). Has was the case when the recent financial meltdown raised its ugly head. The challenge of managing stakeholder involvement is worth mentioning. Particularly regarding the sensitivity attached to stadium construction in the United Kingdom. The media was recently awash with condemnation for the management team of the Wembley stadium finishing behind schedule and with an escalated budget. Secondly, the magnitude of stakeholders warrants a proper dissemination of information and the pre-planned mitigation of wrong or biased information. A.D. Orr (2004, P. 8) wrote, [t]he purpose of a stakeholder plan is to ensure that the relationships between the principal people in the project have been discussed and the information flowing between them have been agreed. The site for the construction was reported contaminated, although this might appear not to be a project management challenge, it is important to understand the project managerial resonance this might generate due to uncertainties ascribed. The selection of a procurement strategy is always a challenge for projects in a multi project environment. The OGC advises that the procurement of contractor should be on the basis of whole-life value for money. The design and operation of the facility should maximize the delivery of effective service and this is most likely to be achieved through integration of design, construction, operation and on-going maintenance (OGC, 2007). In the Olympic stadium case study, a consortium was formed and proved a substantial factor in the mitigation of the project risks. It is important to mention resources management (void of cost) as a key challenge. One of the aims spelt out in the London 2012 sustainability policy document is to demonstrate an exemplary resource management practice (TOB, 2007). As a result resource utilization was minimized to achieve energy and environmental sustainability and project manager had to make tough decisions during construction. GUIDELINES FOR THE 2012 OLYMPIC STADIUM H. Kerzner (1994, p. 43) wrote, [t]he success of a project is best determined by its ability to deliver within the specified time, cost, desired performance and technology level whilst utilizing the resources effectively and efficiently. If an organization is to be successful in the delivery of its projects, it is essential to establish standards by which those projects are selected, managed and delivered. And these standards must be consistent with the organizations strategic plans (Maxs, 2009). Therefore, a step-by-step recommendation for establishing consistent successful performance for the management of the 2012 Olympic stadium can be outlined as follows; Plan and understand the project lifecycle. A standard set of project phases, stages and typical milestones required by the organisations management to enable the consistent structuring and cost-effective processing of the organisations project. (Maxs- Issacons, 2000). Align your resources independently with each phase of the project lifecycle. Selecting a procurement strategy that best suites the project characteristics. Wright wrote, the selection of a contract and contractor are influenced by the nature of parties involve, the project objectives, and the equitable allocation of responsibilities and risk, amongst other factors. (N.J Smith, 2002) Establish a control over the project ensuring that a system of reporting, allocating responsibilities and quality assessment is well defined. Bower wrote that the purpose of control is to ensure that the projects status is reported in a consistent, cost effective and timely manner to the project manager, so that necessary action can be taken. (N.J Smith, 2002) Ensure that plans are understood by all team members and constant updates of the plans are frequently done. J.P Lewis (2000) wrote, It would be nice to think that a plan, once developed, will never change. However, that is unrealistic. Unforeseen problems are almost certain to arise. The most important thing is plan, re-plan and re-plan. Continually assess risks. It is helpful to try to categorise the risks associated with the project both as a guide to identification, and to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate risk-management strategy. (N.J Smith, 2002) Manage the impact of stakeholder involvement in the project. Although they appear as indirect players in the project environment, the stakeholders impact on the success of the project. Therefore managing their impact is vital to every successful project. Setting delivery milestones dates for the various facets of the project and having a work breakdown structure helps to identify critical paths and activity duration. This is a must have for the Olympic stadium project. CONCLUSION In this report, we have categorised the project management challenges highlighted in the group presentation. In the categorisation, I have pointed out that while some groups utilized a framework for identifying the challenges, other groups mentioned the challenges under two main categories, strategic management and operational risks. In critically analysing the challenges mentioned, it would appear that selecting a framework for evaluating the risks is indeed a good practice. It is now obvious that a proper understanding of project peculiarities help to reveal challenges. While all groups were speculative about the challenges categorising the challenges would have help to further identify peculiar risks and challenges requiring the formulation of a risks management strategy. The best practice for construction management refers to tools, techniques and guidelines that have proved effective over a wide range of construction management projects. And again this report has utilized a typical project lifecycle framework to outline the necessary elements required at each phase of a project. The assessment of risk and uncertainties was a process repeated in most phases of a project lifecycle because in actual sense the entire functions of a project manage revolves around his ability to provide resolutions to those uncertainties that eventually become a challenge in the implementation of a project. The importance of planning was also emphasised at every phase of the project and planning does not seize until the project has been delivered to time, budget and quality. In the 2012 Olympic case study, differentiating the stadium construction project from a single project and identifying it as belonging to a multiply project environment reveals the need to adopt a different strategies. However, some elements of an established best practice such as value management and risk management would generally be applied successfully. To successfully Identifying the challenges, a review of the facts about the project is necessary as the magnitude and true nature of challenges become obvious. Then finally based on the characteristics of the project identified, lessons learnt and a review of the best practices, eight sets of guidelines were develop for the 2012 Olympic stadium project.

Honor :: College Admissions Essays

A Question of Honor Since my most important objectives in life are growing in my relationship with God and becoming a respected man of irrefutable integrity, I find that my lifestyle complements the moral expectations and responsibilities required of cadets attending the United States Air Force Academy. My parents have instructed me in principles that closely parallel the Academy's Honor Code, and I have chosen to integrate those into all aspects of my lifestyle. Without a doubt, I will not experience any difficulty adopting the Honor Code as a way of life for I currently practice this and will continue to do so. In fact, I am pleased that the Academy requires moral excellence of "tomorrow's Air Force leaders" for this is precisely the type of leader I desire to become. The basic morals and principles, such as contained in the Honor Code, are being disregarded and shunned in overwhelming numbers by our country. An especially visible example is today's political arena. A large percentage of the American public considers politicians and elected officials to be corrupt and selfish. Politicians spurred on by greed become dishonest to escape a potentially embarrassing situation, to win an election, or to take advantage of an unsuspecting constituent. As a result of these publicized events, politicians everywhere have acquired a poor reputation and an even worse public image. By no means am I saying that this is characteristic of all politicians. However, as top government officials and representatives of our nation, politicians, elected officials, and leaders should set a moral example. In order to restore their reputations and rectify any past dishonorable actions, it would behoove all politicians to live a lifestyle that is consistent with the United S tates Air Force Academy Honor Code. Then, as they become men and women of character, they will earn and receive the respect of the American people.

Course Outline of Organizational behaviour and Design Essay

Organizational behavior is concerned with the study and application of the human side of management and organization. Although, the traditional writers like Douglas McGregor’s 1960 classic Human Side of Enterprise take a cognitive, humanistic approach to the subject , this course is intended to be much more eclectic and wide ranging drawing from fields of psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology. The underlying aim is to use all these fields to better understand the complex phenomenon called the Human Behavior. The course will draw from the cognitive school analyzing perceptual process, personality attributes, attitude formation, motivational theories and their operational significance. Then the behaviorist school is covered drawing from the works of Pavlov, Watson and Skinner and the practical application of these theories especially in reward system and organizational processes. Moving from the Individual the area next covered is the dynamics of group behavior and the operational issues of the modern day work teams. The course then moves to a macro perspective of the overall organization covering the areas of Culture, Power, Leadership and the nature of politics. Finally the clinical and operational issues of occupational stress are covered. Finally, in terms of organizational design, the broad variables of organizational structure, environmental complexity and strategy effectiveness will be explored. Course Objectives The overall objective of the course is to understand human behavior in organizations so as to equip the students with the theoretical and operational tools to better predict, control and manage the contemporary human resource. In addition, the course aims to enable students to get an insight and appreciation of how organizational theory may contribute towards improving the design and management of organizations. An in-depth examination of certain concepts (e. g. , environmental complexity, Organizational Structure) will also be undertaken. The course will use an integrative macro framework to diagnose and analyze the interaction of organizations, their environments, and people within and outside of the organizations. Generally the most important asset of the organization is overlooked in organizations-human resources. The performance of the organization depends upon the drive of each and every employee working behind a product or a service that it offers to the consumer, thus organization works similar to a social community. Thus if organizations are comparable to a micro-society with its own set of culture, beliefs, norms and behaviors, it naturally follows that to keep organization competitive (especially in today’s cut throat competition), it is imperative to dissect and understand human behavior within organization. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link! Similarly an organization is only as strong or powerful as its weakest person. Learning Outcomes Define and understand organizations as ‘Social Systems’ and to discuss its implications Understand and explain the theoretical frameworks used to understand human behavior Understand the perceptual processes and principles and to examine the impact of these principles on attribution, decision making, conflict resolution and other organizational areas. Dissect the psychology of attitudes and understand the significance and impact of attitudes in an organizational context Define, differentiate and compare the major motivational theories along with the utility of these theories in modern organizations Define the basic nature of groups, the dynamics of formal and informal groups and various types of groups Analyze the elements of intra group and inter group behavior and to discuss the variables that make these groups effective Understand the principles of reinforcement and punishment in the context of organizational reward system and productivity Understand the multiple facets of organizational justice and its complex relationship to organizational commitment Understand the critical importance of organizational culture and the mechanisms of its perpetuation, typologies, contextualization with national culture and layers Define the various basis of power and understand the effective use of influence methods for modern managers Understand the dynamics of organizational politicking and its underlying causalities Defin e leadership, discuss the various theories of leadership and analyze the emerging trends in the broad debate of leadership.

Protecting Biodiversity through Science and Technology Essays

Protecting Biodiversity through Science and Technology Essays Protecting Biodiversity through Science and Technology Essay Protecting Biodiversity through Science and Technology Essay Protecting Biodiversity Through Science and Technology Heal the world; make It a better place for you and for me and the inure human race. Man can do or undo the environment. Crimes, wars, poverty, pollution ? name it, the world has it. It is a sad truth universally accepted that humans are the primary cause of these problems. It cannot be denied that human activities further uphold problems detrimental to the environment and to the whole community as well. To solve or minimize these problems, self-discipline must be everybody concern. Man knows what is right or wrong, so the right must prevail in his system. Biodiversity loss is caused by humans and their activities. Thus, man must think of ways beneficial to the conservation and protection of the environment. Let us pay off our debts to the environment. We owe our environment a lot. This can be done by merely starting at home. Lets help keep our surroundings clean always. Environmental sanitation at home will keep us free from pollution that will hinder the growth of bacteria that will affect our health. With this, we can still breathe fresh alarm and live a intended life. Technology. In one way Is harmful and causes lots of stress to the environment, thus promoting biodiversity loss. As human population increases, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation became rampant. Therefore, lets make use of technology to help save the environment and biodiversity, as a whole. Planting more trees and more crops that will help screen impurities in the air and water is one great way, for this will balance the increase in human population. Biodiversity supports almost all life forms and a number of natural ecosystem recesses. There should be awareness of what happens in the ecosystem. Man must see to it that there is ecological balance. What Is lost should be gained. What Is destroyed should be replenished. Science and technology can help save and protect biodiversity. The knowledge and ideas Imparted by science Is essential for us to know how to manage and conserve the worlds species. Science will guide us of what Is beneficial to our environment while technology, on the other hand can be beneficial If being used properly.

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill Dorothea Dix was born in Maine in 1802.   Her father was a minister, and he and his wife raised Dorothea and her two younger brothers in poverty, sometimes sending Dorothea to Boston to her grandparents. After studying at home, Dorothea Dix became a teacher when she was 14 years old.   When she was 19 she started her own girls’ school in Boston.   William Ellery Channing, a leading Boston minister, sent his daughters to the school, and she became close to the family.   She also became interested in the Unitarianism of Channing.   As a teacher, she was known for strictness.   She used her grandmother’s home for another school, and also started a free school, supported by donations, for poor children. Struggling With Her Health At 25 Dorothea Dix became ill with tuberculosis, a chronic lung disease.   She quit teaching and focused on writing while she was recovering, writing mainly for children.   The Channing family took her with them on retreat and on vacations, including to St. Croix.   Dix, feeling somewhat better, returned to teaching after a few years, adding into her commitments the care of her grandmother.   Her health again seriously threatened, she went to London in hopes that would help her recovery.   She was frustrated by her ill health, writing â€Å"There is so much to do†¦.† While she was in England, she became familiar with efforts at prison reform and better treatment of the mentally ill.   She returned to Boston in 1837 after her grandmother died and left her an inheritance that allowed her to focus on her health, but now with an idea in mind of what to do with her life after her recovery. Choosing a Path to Reform In 1841, feeling strong and healthy, Dorothea Dix visited a women’s jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, to teach Sunday School.   She had heard of awful conditions there. She investigated and was especially horrified at how women declared insane were being treated. With the help of William Ellery Channing, she began working with well-known male reformers, including Charles Sumner (an abolitionist who would become a Senator), and with Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, both educators of some renown.   For a year and a half Dix visited prisons and places where the mentally ill were kept, often in cages or chained and often abused. Samuel Gridley Howe (husband of Juliet Ward Howe) supported her efforts by publishing about the need for reform of the care of the mentally ill, and Dix decided she had a cause to devote herself to.   She wrote to the state legislators calling for specific reforms, and detailing the conditions she had documented.   In Massachusetts first, then in other states including New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee and Kentucky, she advocated for legislative reforms.   In her efforts to document, she became one of the first reformers to take social statistics seriously. In Providence, an article she wrote on the topic generated a large donation of $40,000 from a local businessman, and she was able to use this to move some of those imprisoned for mental â€Å"incompetence† to a better situation. In New Jersey and then in Pennsylvania, she won approval of new hospitals for the mentally ill. Federal and International Efforts By 1848, Dix had decided that reform needed to be federal.   After initial failure she got a bill through Congress to fund efforts to support people who were disabled or mentally ill, but President Pierce vetoed it. With a visit to England, during which she saw Florence Nightingale’s work, Dix was able to enlist Queen Victoria in studying the conditions there of the mentally ill, and won improvements in the asylums.   She moved on to working in many countries in England, and even convinced the Pope to build a new institution for the mentally ill. In 1856, Dix returned to America and worked for five more years advocating for funds for the mentally ill, both at federal and state levels. Civil War In 1861, with the opening of the American Civil War, Dix turned her efforts to military nursing.   In June of 1861, the U.S. Army appointed her as superintendent of Army nurses.   She tried to model nursing care on that of Florence Nightingale’s famous work in the Crimean War. She worked to train young women who volunteered for nursing duty.   She fought doggedly for good medical care, often coming into conflict with the physicians and surgeons.   She was recognized in 1866 by the Secretary of war for her extraordinary service. Later Life After the Civil War, Dix again devoted herself to advocating for the mentally ill. She died at age 79 in New Jersey, in the July of 1887.

Strategic Management Analysis assignement Assignment

Strategic Management Analysis assignement - Assignment Example Unique Resources / Capabilities 25 10.0 Sustainable Competitive Advantage 26 11.0 Summary of the Strengths and Weaknesses 27 Task C 28 12.0 Strategic Direction 28 12.1 Market Penetration 29 12.2 Product Development 29 12.3 Market Development 29 12.4 Diversification 30 13.0 Strategic Fit 30 14.0 Summary on Strategic Fit 33 References 34 1.0 Introduction The aim of the study has been to conduct a strategic analysis of an UK based airline company offering package holiday. Therefore, in this context, the company that has been chosen for the study is British Airways. British Airways is based in the UK and is the biggest scheduled airline that runs internationally (Scribd, 2009). It offers flight services of low fares for customers availing its holiday packages and carries the passengers to and from the centrally located airports. The company also offers holiday packages that consist of super value packages for hotels as well (The Telegraph, 2011). A person can enjoy both the flight facili ty as well as hotel facility and thus visit numerous destinations with British Airways which can save time as well as cost (British Airways, n.d.). Tour operators tend to put the numerous elements of the holidays and thus sell them as a package. The packages are sold either to the public directly or through travel agents. There are innumerable tour operators offering enormous ranges of the holidays as well as destinations (Holiday Bargains, n.d.). The term ‘package’ generally is defined as a set combination of two services at minimum. They must be offered at inclusive prices and must include components such as transports, accommodations or other services that are important for the tourists. The holiday market of the UK seems to be quite competitive and the industry tends to operate at quite low margins (BIS Department for Business Innovation & Skills, n.d.). The main rationale for choosing the company is that it is the leader in airline industry that offers both the fli ght as well as the holiday package services. The company chosen will assist in comprehending the trends of the airline company offering the package holiday in the UK. Task A 2.0 PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis tends to classify the environmental components into political, socio cultural, economical, technological, environmental as well as legal. It assists in comprehending the main drivers leading to change as well as the external factors affecting an organization. Political Factors The political environment of the UK is quite stable. However, the terror attack had a major impact upon the package holiday industry of the UK. Such terror attacks led to tight security as well as strict immigration laws. The package holiday industry suffers in the long-term if such turmoil keeps on continuing. This tends to affect the perception of the tourists. In recent times, strikes called by the staffs of the British Airways had an impact upon its holiday business. In future, such scenario can occur which might have an impact

Globalization of aviation services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization of aviation services - Essay Example This is done in order to create a world economy that is borderless and open. He further defines globalization as the spread of supra-territoriality and explains that it involves reconfiguring geography in such a way that people stop mapping social space wholly in terms of territorial borders, territorial distances and territorial places. Through globalization, one part of the world’s cultural, technological, political, environmental and economic events become significant in other parts of the globe. The major contributors of globalization are improved information technologies, transportation and communication. Globalization also entails the development of transnational corporations and multinational corporations. In aviation, globalization is demonstrated by marketing, technical and commercial coalitions among airlines. It sometimes involves control and ownership issues beyond nationalized boundaries. One of the forces that can impede the globalization of aviation services is protectionism, a system in which countries impose duties on imports or on other countries wanting to set up their industries in them. Despite the fact that the world is drifting from protected and managed trade in most services and goods, aviation industry remains often intensely protected and regulated greatly. This dates back to the end of World War II when the United States failed to attain the open skies goal as part of a liberal post-war order. Other governments resisted the idea since the U.S was the only country that was able to mount a worldwide air transportation endeavor at that time. This opposition against domination of the airways by the United States was strengthened by the argument that skies control was a crucial security matter (Baliles, 1997). Protectionism involves such practices as countries introducing public subsidies into their flag carriers, cabotage which is the restriction of