Women Prime Ministers and Presidents 20th Century

How many women have served as Presidents or Prime Ministers in the 20th century? Included are women leaders of countries both large and small. Many names will be familiar; some will be unfamiliar to all but a few readers.  (Not included: women who became presidents or prime ministers after the year 2000.) Some were highly controversial; some were compromise candidates. Some presided over peace; others over war. Some were elected; some were appointed. Some served briefly; others were elected; one, though elected, was prevented from serving. Many followed into office their fathers or husbands; others were elected or appointed on their own reputations and political contributions. One even followed her mother into politics, and her mother served a third term as prime minister, filling the office left vacant when the daughter took office as president. Women Prime Minister and Presidents Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)Her daughter became president of Sri Lanka in 1994 and appointed her mother to the more ceremonial office of prime minister. The office of president was created in 1988 and given many of the powers the prime minister had had when  Sirimavo Bandaranaike held the office.Prime Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. Sri Lanka Freedom Party.Indira Gandhi, IndiaPrime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-1984. Indian National Congress.Golda Meir, IsraelPrime Minister, 1969-1974. Labor Party.Isabel Martinez de Peron, ArgentinaPresident, 1974-1976. Justicialist.Elisabeth Domitien, Central African RepublicPrime Minister, 1975-1976.  Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa.Margaret Thatcher, Great BritainPrime Minister, 1979-1990. Conservative.Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, PortugalPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Socialist Party.Lidia Gueiler Tejada, BoliviaPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Revolutionary Left Front.Dame Eugenia Charles, DominicaPrime Minister, 19 80-1995. Freedom Party.Vigdà ­s Finnbogadà ³ttà ­r, IcelandPresident, 1980-96. Longest-serving female head of state in the 20th century.Gro Harlem Brundtland, NorwayPrime Minister, 1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. Labour Party.Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples Republic of ChinaHonorary President, 1981. Communist Party.Milka Planinc, YugoslaviaFederal Prime Minister, 1982-1986. League of Communists.Agatha Barbara, MaltaPresident, 1982-1987. Labour Party.Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands AntillesPrime Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. National Peoples Party.Corazon Aquino, PhilippinesPresident, 1986-92. PDP-Laban.  Benazir Bhutto, PakistanPrime Minister, 1988-1990, 1993-1996. Pakistan Peoples Party.Kazimiera Danuta Prunskiena, LithuaniaPrime Minister, 1990-91. Peasant and Green Union.Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, NicaraguaPrime Minister, 1990-1996. National Opposition Union.Mary Robinson, IrelandPresident, 1990-1997. Independent.Ertha Pascal Trouillot, HaitiInterim President, 1990-1991. Independ ent.Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic RepublicPresident, 1990. Christian Democratic Union.Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma (Myanmar  )Her party, the National League for Democracy, won 80% of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the military government refused to recognize the results. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.Khaleda Zia, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1991-1996. Bangladesh Nationalist Party.Edith Cresson, FrancePrime Minister, 1991-1992. Socialist Party.Hanna Suchocka, PolandPrime Minister, 1992-1993. Democratic Union.Kim Campbell, CanadaPrime Minister, 1993. Progressive Conservative.Sylvie Kinigi, BurundiPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Union for National Progress.Agathe Uwilingiyimana, RwandaPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Republican Democratic Movement.Susanne Camelia-Romer, Netherlands Antilles (Curaà §ao)Prime Minister, 1993, 1998-1999. PNP.Tansu Çiller, TurkeyPrime Minister, 1993-1995. Democrat Party.Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge, Sri LankaPrime Minis ter, 1994, President, 1994-2005Reneta Indzhova, BulgariaInterim Prime Minister, 1994-1995. Independent.Claudette Werleigh, HaitiPrime Minister, 1995-1996. PANPRA.Sheikh Hasina Wajed, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1996-2001, 2009-. Awami League.Mary McAleese, IrelandPresident, 1997-2011. Fianna Fail, Independent.Pamela Gordon, BermudaPremier, 1997-1998. United Bermuda Party.Janet Jagan, GuyanaPrime Minister, 1997, President, 1997-1999. Peoples Progressive Party.Jenny Shipley, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1997-1999. National Party.Ruth Dreifuss, SwitzerlandPresident, 1999-2000. Social Democratic Party.Jennifer M. Smith, BermudaPrime Minister, 1998-2003. Progressive Labour Party.Nyam-Osoriyn Tuyaa, MongoliaActing Prime Minister, July 1999. Democratic Party.Helen Clark, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1999-2008. Labour Party.Mireya Elisa Moscoso de Arias, PanamaPresident, 1999-2004. Arnulfista Party.Vaira Vike-Freiberga, LatviaPresident, 1999-2007. Independent.Tarja Kaarina Halonen, FinlandPreside nt, 2000-. Social Democratic Party. Ive included Halonen because the year 2000 is part of the 20th century. (The year 0 didnt exist, so a century starts with the year 1.) As the 21st century arrived, yet another was added: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - President of the Philippines, sworn in on January 20, 2001. Mame Madior Boye became Prime Minister in Senegal in March of 2001. Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of founding head of state Sukarno, was selected as Indonesias fifth president in 2001 after losing in 1999. Ive limited the list above, however, to the history of women heads of state for the 20th century, and will not add anyone who took office after 2001 began. Text  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Different Approaches to Screen Violence Essays - 1147 Words

Different Approaches to Screen Violence Violence is a strong issue in society. In a world that is surrounded by terrorism, aggression and crime, the way violence is represented in the media can be crucial. Most viewers define violence as an act that breaks out of a personal comfort zone and therefore opinions of how violent a scene is can differ. Arguments for the link between violence in the media and real life focus on the perpetrator of violence being unable to acknowledge the difference between reality and the fiction portrayed in film. These opinions however, are frequently the results of a public who use violent films as a scapegoat for physical aspects that shape peoples lives. Social†¦show more content†¦This hits the audience with a sense of reality and makes the emphasis with the character. There is a soundtrack that plays when a jump cut takes place to the two main characters walking down a street. This music plays a contrast between the normal lifestyle, and when they are at fight club. In Drunken Master, sound is important in establishing the scene. The synchronous diagetic sounds of punching and kicking are overly exaggerated. This emphasises the violence but at the same time makes the scene become less severe and somewhat comical. There is no music at the start of the scene; this creates realism and a tense atmosphere. After a pause in the action, the first piece of dialogue is spoken. Jackie Chan is taunted and challenged. As Jackie accepts his opponents proposal an incidental piece of music begins to play. It is a fast heroic piece, with obvious oriental influences. This gets the audience involved in the scene and makes them feel empathy for Jackie. Sound plays an important part in both scenes, and helps to add to and take away from the way violence is portrayed. There are many similarities that give off different effects in each scene. 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Thus, in an effort to improve the lives of African Americans, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. employed distinct approaches toward the civil rights movement; influenced by their family background, life experiences, religion, and beliefs. There are many differences between Malcolm X and Martin Luther, but the most striking is that MLK was a good statesman who deliveredRead MoreThe Music Of Music Videos1557 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of music videos throughout many years has changed rapidly due to the relationship between media forms and platforms of different media kind of texts. Some issues in contemporary music videos are from the evolution of new technologies, social media and politics. Thus, artists throughout time have taken advantage of music videos in order to use it as a site for debates about politics of representation. 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Hacksaw Ridge (2016) tells the story of a man committed to nonviolence, and it clearly aims to commend his beliefs, but it also seems to glorify violence. Some scenes in the film appear to depict the horror of war, but a fair number of them, seem to revel in the bloodshed like the one described above. As Matt Zoller SeitzRead MoreHigh-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe family’s life is marked by confusion, turmoil, constant chaos and stress so that family violence is common. Their lives are also commonly marked by crime and victimization. Homeless families commonly suffer from malnutrition, infections, a wide number of diseases, a nd mental health problems (Cotton amp; Roden, 2007). The Homeless Family Assessment Assessment can be performed from several approaches. 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To What Extent Was the Cuban Missile Crisis the Product of...

To what extent was the Cuban Missile Crisis the product of American paranoia? Done By: Justine, Umi Amirah, Myraa (3DG/3DY) The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the USSR, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. The Cuban and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. When her military intelligence discovered the weapons, America sought to do all it could to ensure the removal of the missiles. This incident became closest to a nuclear war.1 The incident has caused a lot of commotion and raised tensions between the three countries. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a product of a series of factors: American Paranoia, the Cuban want for freedom from America, and the USSR’s intentions.†¦show more content†¦From this, we can see that if were not for America’s actions and paranoia, Cuba would not have asked the USSR for help, and the Cuban Missile Crisis might have been averted altogether. However, America was not solely to blame, for Cuba effectively manipulated USSR-American rivalry to obtain missile defense from USSR against America. Cuba, being unable to defend herself against an American attack, therefore sought the help of its enemy’s enemy, for the enemy of one’s enemy is one’s friend. This in turn blew the whole conflict out of proportion. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a product of American paranoia to a great extent, for it was the underlying factor that triggered the USSR and Cuba’s actions. The USSR’s actions were actually their means of defending themselves, in reply to what America had done (placing missiles in Turkey). America was obsessed with preventing Communism, for it would threaten America’s ideology of Capitalism and take a toll in America’s economy, stability and peace. Thus, they took very extreme measures. Furthermore, the reason Cuba sought protection from the USSR was because it wanted to protect itself from an attack from America; Cuba’s actions were a reaction to America’s behavior. The USSR took advantage of the situation in Cuba to gain a foothold in an area that was crucial to USA’s safety. This act led to the escalations of tensions, and became a high-stakes disputeShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PrenticeRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageslate twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and

Oil and Gas Have Positive Effects on Russia

Question: Does oil and gas have positive effects on russia? Answer: Introduction: Economy of Russia is highly dependent on price of oil and natural gas as the country is one of the largest producer of crude oil. Recently price of oil decreased rapidly due to decreasing demand in some countries. However Nardelli et al., (2014) stated that production of oil increased in US. As supply of crude oil increased, price of each barrel reduced. Analysis on global economy indicates that reduction in price of natural gas impacted economical condition of many countries. Reduction in price of oil also impacted on economy of Russia also. As stated by IJsseling and Schaap, (2013) economic growth of Russia may shrink due to reduction of oil price. Tavana et al., (2012) also opined that production of oil needs to be reduced in order to stabilize the price. The current essay deals with analysis on the effects of oil and gas industry on Russia. The economic condition of Russia is influenced by price of oil and gas. Both positive as well as negative effects of fluctuations in oil and gas industry on Russia are discussed in this essay. The effects may be good and sometime bad. The paper attempts to answer the question that whether the effect of this industry reflects a good sign or bad sign in the Russia. Arguments: Russia experienced rapid transition in last century due to Governments focus on oil and gas industry of the country. It became one of the largest economies of world. As an impact of rapid economic growth Russia was included in league G-20 countries. As oil and gas industry is one of the largest contributors of GDP of the country, the GDP almost doubled in last part of the century. The growth of Russia was maximized in early 2000s. As stated by Shaffer,(2015) growth rate of Russia was influenced significantly due to sustained oil prices in global market. However investment on oil and gas industry also increased at that time. Qiu, (2015) opined that increased investment in oil and gas sector also fueled growth rate of the country. On the other aspect in negative sense according to Nardelli et al., (2014) the effects of oil prices to economy of Russia is well known. As price of crude oil fell more than 50% in last few months, it is expected that GDP of Russia is going to decrease (Motom ura, 2014).IJsseling and Schaap, (2013) also stated that effects of rapid reduction in oil price will be observed on economic stability of the country also. Bradshaw, (2015) stated that rate of inflation may increase in Russia due to reduction in oil price in global market. Discussion on economy of Russia also indicates that growth in oil and gas sector of the country was effective to reduce negative effects of global financial crisis in 2008-2009. Although GDP of the country fell during global financial crisis in 2008-2009, steady price of crude oil was effective to increase the GDP later. Papavinasam, (2013) stated that the activities related with economic welfare in Russia is dependent on extraction of crude oil and natural gas. The country is one of the largest providers of oil and gas in European and Asian countries. Exporting fossil fuels in these countries and collecting taxes from organizations of oil and gas industry enabled the Russian government to increase budget revenues. As stated by Boussena and Locatelli,(2013) fluctuations in oil prices will not only impact on economic growth rate of Russia, but foreign policies of the country can also be impacted due to reduction in demand of crude oil and natural gas. Analysis on economic condition of Russia indicates that the different activities related up gradation of infrastructure in the country is dependent on revenue earned from oil and gas industry. As the Government of Russia gives importance on modernization of its military forces, cost of conducting these activities is increasing continuously. As contribution of oil and gas sector in national GDP is reducing, the modernization process of armed forces may be interrupted. As price of the crude oil is reducing rapidly, income of the country from this sector is also reducing. Funding of activities related with up gradation of armed forces of Russia will also be affected due to reduction in oil price. Birnbaum and Morello, (2015) opined that reduction in oil price of Russia may influence political relationship with other countries. As Russia is one of the largest providers of oil and natural gas to many countries, activities of Russia can influence policies of these Asian as well as European countries. Discussion on international oil and gas industry indicates that demand of oil is decreasing in several countries. It is evident that influence of Russia on these European and Asian countries is going to decrease. It is evident that reduction in oil prices is impacting negatively on budget of the country. As the Government of Russia gives emphasis on maintenance of its military force, investment for up gradation of armed forces may not reduce. It indicates that the Government can reduce investment in other sectors of the country. It may affect overall growth of Russia. But on the other stand point it can be claimed that this industry is the most profit making industry in the world. So, the positive effects of the industry influence the economy of a state. It defiantly increases GDP. As demand of oil is reducing in many countries, market of Russia is shrinking. After Russias invasion in Ukraine, the European countries are pressurizing Russia. Increased pressure from European countries is also affecting oil market of the country. Although the government of Russia is giving importance on making alliance with China to retain their share in oil market, it may not be effective to increase market size. Apart from thus, the demands of consumers in oil and gas industry are also changing. Previously the demand of LNG (liquefied Natural Gas) was higher in Europe. As an impact, Asian market was more attractive to Russian suppliers. In recent years, the demand of LNG is also increasing in Asian market. Decreased demand of crude oil in China, one of the largest markets of Russia, is making the Asian market less profitable. Increased availability of alternative suppliers of LNG is also affecting economic growth of Russia. The analysis indicates that changes in oil and gas indu stry is not affecting current growth of Russia, it may impact on future growth of the country also. Conclusion: Discussion on effects of oil and gas industry on economy of Russia indicates that previously the sector was one of the largest contributors of national GDP. However the condition in oil and gas industry is also changing. Demand of oil is reducing in much country. As an impact market size of Russia for exporting oil and gas is reducing. Increased pressure from other European countries is also leading to reduction in growth rate of the country. The requirements of consumers in oil and gas industry are also changing. Increased demand for LNG is also affecting present and future growth of the country. Russia can be considered as one of the largest producers of crude oil and natural gas. From the analysis it is evident that economy of Russia is greatly dependent on price of oil and natural gas. In last few months price of oil decreased rapidly as demand of fossil fuels decreased in some Asian and European countries. Reduction in oil prices reduced budget revenue of the country. As an impa ct, the investments in different sectors reduced significantly. It is evident that lowered price of oil affected both long term and short term growth of the country. Although oil and gas industry was influenced growth of Russia, too much dependence on this sector restricted the country from attaining sustainable growth rate. References Birnbaum, M. and Morello, C. (2015). No breakthroughs as Kerry, Putin meet in Sochi. [online] Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/no-breakthroughs-as-kerry-putin-meet-in-sochi/2015/05/12/29b4857a-f811-11e4-a47c-e56f4db884ed_story.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Boussena, S. and Locatelli, C. (2013). Energy institutional and organisational changes in EU and Russia: Revisiting gas relations. Energy Policy, 55, pp.180-189. Bradshaw, M. (2015). Western Sanctions and Russias Oil and Gas Challenges. [online] International Relations And Security Network. Available at: https://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=enid=186934 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. IJsseling, H. and Schaap, P. (2013). The Dutch offshore. Flying Focus. Motomura, M. (2014). Japans need for Russian oil and gas: A shift in energy flows to the Far East. Energy Policy, 74, pp.68-79. Nardelli, A., Elliott, L., Luhn, A., Dehghan, S. and Black, I. (2014). Recession in Russia, revolt in Venezuela? The knock-on effects of tumbling oil prices. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/oct/16/datablog-low-oil-prices-chill-producer-economies [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Papavinasam, S. (2013). Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry. Elsevier Science. Qiu, W. (2015). Oil Crash Is Crushing Russia. The Moscow Times. [online] Available at: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/oil-crash-is-crushing-russia/517427.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Shaffer, B. (2015). A Nuclear Deal with Iran: The Impact on Oil and Natural Gas Trends. [online] Washingtoninstitute.org. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/a-nuclear-deal-with-iran-the-impact-on-oil-and-natural-gas-trends [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Tavana, M., Pirdashti, M., Kennedy, D., Belaud, J. and Behzadian, M. (2012). A hybrid Delphi-SWOT paradigm for oil and gas pipeline strategic planning in Caspian Sea basin. Energy Policy, 40, pp.345-360.